Influence of NaHCO3 powder on color and roughness of the composite submitted to bleaching and euterpe oleracea / Influencia del polvo de NaHCO 3 en el color y rugosidad del composite sometido a blanqueo y euterpe oleracea

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the surface roughness and susceptibility to staining of bleached composite resin with 22% carbamide peroxide, as well as the effect of subsequent prophylaxis with NaHCO3 powder. Material and Methods: Forty disk-shaped (2 × 6 mm) specimens of composite resin (Z250 XT) were prepared. Half of the specimens were subjected to bleaching with 22% carbamide peroxide, and the other half were stored in artificial saliva. In sequence, all specimens were immersed in acai juice (Euterpe oleracea) for 4 h for 14 days, and subdivided into two groups. Group 1 samples were subjected to prophylaxis treatment, while group 2 samples were subjected to treatment with artificial saliva. Surface roughness (Ra) and color (ΔE*) were measured after polishing (T0), bleaching (T1), immersion in acai juice (T2), and application of NaHCO3 powder (T3) using a profilometer and a spectrophotometer. Results: Statistical analyses (analysis of variance and Tukey's test, p≤0.05) revealed that regarding color there was statistically significance for the factors in isolation, except for the factor bleaching. For both color and surface roughness there was statistically significant difference for the interaction, except for the interaction between NaHCO3 power and bleaching. Conclusion: The NaHCO3 air-powder polishing decreases the staining of the composite resin; however, it increases the surface roughness. With respect to the color variable, the whitening factor had no significant effect on the tested material; however, it increases surface roughness.

Objetivo: Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la rugosidad de la superficie y la susceptibilidad a la tinción de la resina compuesta blanqueada con peróxido de carbamida al 22%, así como el efecto de la profilaxis posterior con polvo de NaHCO3. Material y Métodos: Se prepararon cuarenta especímenes en forma de disco (2 × 6 mm) de resina compuesta (Z250 XT). La mitad de los especímenes se sometieron a blanqueo con peróxido de carbamida al 22% y la otra mitad se almacenó en saliva artificial. En secuencia, todos los especímenes se sumergieron en jugo de acai (Euterpe oleracea) durante 4h durante 14 días, y se subdividieron en dos grupos. Las muestras del grupo 1 se sometieron a tratamiento profiláctico, mientras que las muestras del grupo 2 se sometieron a tratamiento con saliva artificial. La rugosidad de la superficie (Ra) y el color (ΔE*) se midieron después del pulido (T0), el blanqueo (T1), la inmersión en jugo de acai (T2) y la aplicación de polvo de NaHCO3 (T3) utilizando un perfilómetro y un espectrofotómetro. Resultados: Los análisis estadísticos (análisis de varianza y prueba de Tukey, p≤0.05) revelaron que en relación al color hubo significancia estadística para los factores en forma aislada, excepto para el factor blanqueamiento. Tanto para el color como para la rugosidad de la superficie hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa para la interacción, excepto para la interacción entre el poder de NaHCO3 y el blanqueo. Conclusión: El pulido al aire con polvo de NaHCO3 disminuye el manchado de la resina compuesta; sin embargo, aumenta la rugosidad de la superficie. Con respecto a la variable color, el factor de blanqueamiento no tuvo efecto significativo sobre el material ensayado; sin embargo, aumenta la rugosidad de la superficie.

EVALUACIÓN DEL CONOCIMIENTO, LA ACTITUD Y LA PRÁCTICA SOBRE LAS AYUDAS PARA LA HIGIENE BUCAL ENTRE HIGIENISTAS DENTALES EN EL OESTE DE MAHARASHTRA, INDIA / EVALUATION OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE ABOUT ORAL HYGIENE AIDS AMONG DENTAL HYGIENISTS IN WESTERN MAHARASHTRA, INDIA

Introducción: El uso diario de ayudas para la higiene oral y la profilaxis oral anual o semestral por parte de los profesionales de la odontología (dentistas, higienistas dentales, asistentes dentales) son dos maneras efectivas de mantener una buena higiene oral. El presente estudio se llevó a cabo para evaluar el conocimiento, la actitud y la práctica sobre higiene bucal entre higienistas dentales que trabajan en el oeste de Maharashtra, India. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio de cuestionario entre 52 higienistas dentales en activo de diferentes áreas del oeste de Maharashtra. Se diseñó un cuestionario estructurado, cerrado autoadministrado para recopilar los datos que constaba de dos partes y comprendía 31 preguntas. Se hizo un análisis estadístico utilizando estadísticas descriptivas. Resultados: En este estudio, más del 50% de los participantes conocían la importancia del mantenimiento de la higiene bucal y los diferentes tipos de ayudas para la higiene bucal y correctos métodos de uso de esas ayudas para la higiene oral. Alrededor del 96% de los participantes pensaba que la técnica de cepillado adecuada es necesaria para mantener una buena higiene bucal. Conclusión: El conocimiento general, la actitud y la práctica de los participantes del estudio con respecto a las ayudas para la higiene bucal se observaron en un nivel promedio.

Introduction: Everyday use of oral hygiene aids and annual or biannual oral prophylaxis by dental professionals (Dentists, Dental hygienists, Dental assistants) are two effective ways of maintaining good oral hygiene. The present study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice about oral hygiene among working dental hygienists in Western Maharashtra, India. Materials and methods: A questionnaire study was conducted among 52 working dental hygienists from different areas of Western Maharashtra. The structured, self-administered, close-ended questionnaire was designed to collect the data which consist of two parts and comprised 31 questions. Statistical analysis was done using descriptive statistics. Results: In this study, more than 50% of participants were known the importance of oral hygiene maintenance and different types of oral hygiene aids and correct methods of using those oral hygiene aids. About 96% participants thought that proper brushing technique is necessary to maintain good oral hygiene. Conclusion: The study participant's overall knowledge, attitude and practise regarding oral hygiene aids were seen at average level.

The influence of prophylaxis with amino acid glycine powder and sodium bicarbonate jet on the bond strength of dental enamel / A influência da profilaxia com aminoácido glicina em pó e jato de bicarbonato de sódio na resistência de união do esmalte dentário

Aim: To compare the influence of prophylaxis with sodium bicarbonate and amino acid glycine powder on the bond strength of bovine teeth enamel and on the properties of two adhesive systems. Methods:Thirty-six extracted bovine incisors were randomly divided into six groups (n = 6) according to the prophylactic treatment received: no prophylactic treatment (NT), sodium bicarbonate powder (SB), and glycine powder (GL). Each group was subdivided into 2 groups based on what adhesive systems were used: conventional system (A) and universal system (B). Composite resin was applied on the buccal surface of the teeth in a block measurement 8x8x6 mm. The specimens were cut to obtain beams measuring 1.0 x 1.0 mm and were subjected to microtensile bond strength tests. Results were compared using two-way ANOVA (p ≤ 0.05). Results: The GLA group obtained the highest bond strength value for the conventional adhesive (18.97 MPa), but the GLB group obtained a lower strength value than the SBB group (GLB: 21.05 MPa and SBB: 22.29 MPa) (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Cleaning of the enamel surface increases the adhesive properties of restorative materials, and the bond strength was more effective in the group that received glycine prophylaxis and the conventional adhesive system.

Objetivo:Comparar a influência da profilaxia com bicarbonato de sódio e ClinproProphy ™ na resistência de união do esmalte de dentes bovinos e nas propriedades de dois sistemas adesivos.Métodos: Trinta e seis incisivos bovinos extraídos foram divididos aleatoriamente em 6 grupos (n = 6), cada um de acordo com o tratamento profilático recebido: nenhum tratamento profilático (NT), bicarbonato de sódio em pó (SB), glicina em pó (GL). Cada grupo foi subdividido em 2 grupos com base nos sistemas adesivos utilizados: sistema convencional (A) e sistema universal (B). A resina composta foi aplicada na superfície bucal dos dentes em um bloco de 8x8x6 mm. As amostras foram cortadas para obter blocos medindo 1,0 x 1,0 mm e submetidas a testes de resistência de união por microtração. Os resultados foram comparados usando o teste two-way ANOVA (p ≤ 0,05). Resultados: O grupo GLA obteve o maior valor de resistência de união para o adesivo convencional (18,97 MPa), mas o grupo GLB obteve um valor de resistência menor que o grupo SBB (GLB: 21,05 MPa e SBB: 22,29 MPa) (p < 0,05). Conclusão: A limpeza da superfície do esmalte aumenta as propriedades adesivas dos materiais restauradores, e a resistência adesiva foi mais eficaz no grupo que recebeu profilaxia com glicina e sistema adesivo convencional.

Enfermos com histórico de Febre Reumática e suas implicações em odontologia: uma revisão de literatura / Sick with history of rheumatic fever and its implications in dentistry: a literature review

Objetivo: analisar informações presentes na literatura sobre a citada patologia com enfoque odontológico, baseando-se em evidências atuais, a fim de estruturar uma conduta clínica, métodos preventivos e terapêuticos. Revisão de literatura: executou-se busca na literatura em dezembro de 2020, por meio dos descritores pré-estabelecidos, nos bancos de dados LILACS e PubMed/MEDLINE, além de complementações utilizando o Google Scholar. Foram encontrados 563 artigos, refinados em 10, juntamente ao uso de 3 livros. Considerações finais: a partir dos achados, constatou-se que a realização de uma anamnese criteriosa durante a primeira consulta faz-se imprescindível, por auxiliar na compreensão dos aspectos fisiopatológicos do paciente, os quais irão determinar o emprego ou não de fármacos, principalmente antes de procedimentos invasivos. Em contrapartida, verificou-se a negligência desse assunto no âmbito odontológico, pelo fato de existirem poucos estudos relacionados ao manejo clínico de pacientes com Febre Reumática (FR), sendo necessárias maiores pesquisas, com o fito de construir-se uma conduta clínica adequada, reduzindo-se os riscos e a incidência de tal enfermidade.(AU)

Objective: to analyze information in the literature about mentioned pathology with a dental focus, based on current evidence in order to structure a clinical conduct, preventive and therapeutic methods. Literature Review: literature searches were performed in December 2020, using pre-established descriptors, in the databases LILACS and PubMed/MEDLINE, in addition to complementations using Google Scholar. About 563 articles were found, refined in 10, along with the use of 3 books. Final Considerations: From the findings, it was found that the performance of a careful anamnesis during the first consultation is essential, as it helps to understand the patient's pathophysiological aspects, which will determine the use of drugs, mainly, before invasive procedures. On the other hand, this matter was neglected in the Dental field, due to the fact that there are few studies related to the clinical management of patients with Rheumatic Fever (RF), and further research is necessary, with the aim of building an adequate clinical conduct, reducing the risks and the incidence of such a disease.(AU)

Tratamiento profiláctico en extracciones dentarias con la terapia floral de bach (crab apple) / Prophylactic treatment in tooth extractions with bach flower therapy (crab apple)

Introducción: La terapia floral de Bach es una terapia medicamentosa no farmacológica que brinda un conjunto de remedios vibracionales; es un remedio de limpieza por excelencia, se le considera el antibiótico de elección del citado sistema floral. Objetivo: caracterizar a los pacientes atendidos en el Servicio de Estomatología de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Morón tarados con Terapia Floral de Bach (Crab Apple), como profilaxis en extracciones dentarias. Método: se realizó un estudio experimental (cuasi experimento), para el mismo se crearon dos grupos uno experimental y otro control en el período comprendido de Junio 2019 a Enero de 2020. La población la constituyó 370 pacientes que acudieron al Servicio de Estomatología de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas "Arley Hernández Moreira" para realizarse extracciones dentarias; la muestra se seleccionó utilizando el método probabilístico aleatorio simple la cual quedó conformada por 260 pacientes. Resultados: la respuesta preoperatoria del 100 % de los pacientes del grupo experimental fue satisfactoria, el 9,5 % perteneciente al grupo control fue no satisfactoria. El 100 % de los pacientes del grupo experimental y el 89,1 % del grupo control durante el transoperatorio presentaron respuesta satisfactoria. Durante el posoperatorio solo el 2,5% del grupo experimental alcanzó resultados no satisfactorios y en el grupo control el 9,4 %. Conclusiones: El estudio mostro la efectividad de la terapia floral de Bach como profilaxis ante la extracción dentaria presentando un menor número de complicaciones y respondiendo con mayor efectividad su uso durante el posoperatorio el transoperatorio y el posoperatorio.

Avaliação do comportamento odontológico infantil durante procedimentos de profilaxia e exodontia / Evaluation of children's dental behavior during prophylaxis and extraction procedures

Objetivo: Avaliar o comportamento infantil durante os tratamentos odontológicos de profilaxia e de exodontia. Métodos: Este estudo transversal contou com 58 crianças, entre 6 e 9 anos de idade. Dentre essas, 29 crianças foram submetidas ao procedimento de exodontia e 29 ao procedimento de profilaxia. O comportamento infantil frente ao tratamento odontológico proposto foi avaliado por um cirurgião-dentista treinado através da versão brasileira e validada da Escala Comportamental de Venham (Venham's Behavior Rating Scale (BvVBRS). Avaliou-se também a ansiedade infantil prévia ao tratamento odontológico através da Venham Picture Test modificada (VPTm). A condição bucal foi avaliada pelo índice CPO-D e ceo-d, por pesquisador previamente calibrado (Kappa > 0,7). Os pais/responsáveis responderam a um questionário socioeconômico e questões relacionadas a experiência odontológica prévia das crianças. Realizou-se análise descritiva e teste Qui-quadrado com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Em relação ao comportamento o grupo submetido à profilaxia apresentou 100% das crianças com um comportamento positivo, enquanto no grupo submetido à exodontia houve 75,9% das crianças com comportamento positivo (p = 0,010). Idade, gênero e presença de ansiedade prévia aos procedimentos não tiveram relação estatisticamente significante com o comportamento infantil. A presença de cárie na dentição decídua esteve associada ao comportamento negativo durante os procedimentos odontológicos (p = 0,013). Conclusão: Foi observado que durante o procedimento de profilaxia os pacientes demonstraram um comportamento mais colaborador quando comparado ao procedimento de exodontia.

Aim:To investigate the behavior of children during dental treatments of prophylaxis and dental extraction. Methods: Fifty-eight children, 6 to 9 years of age, and their caregivers participated of this cross-sectional study. Of these, 29 children underwent prophylaxis and 29 dental extraction. Child behavior was assessed through the Brazilian version of the Venham's Behavior Rating Scale (BvVBRS), and dental anxiety was measured by the Venham Picture Test modified (VPTm). Clinical examination was performed by a calibrated examiner (Kappa > 0.7), using the decay, missing, filled index for primary and permanent dentition dmft/DMFT index. The caregivers answered a socioeconomic questionnaire and questions related to the previous dental experience of the children. Descriptive data analysis and Chi-square test were performed, with a significance level of 5%. Results:Regarding behavior, the prophylaxis group presented 100% of children with a positive behavior, while the extraction group contained 75.9% of children with positive behavior, and this difference was statistically significant (p = 0.010). Age, gender, and presence of anxiety prior to the procedures had no statistically significant relationship to the presented child behavior. The presence of caries in the deciduous dentition was associated with child behavior during dental procedures (p = 0.013). Conclusion: It was observed that the type of procedure interfered directly in the negative behavior of the children, with a difference in cooperation with invasive (dental extraction) and non-invasive (prophylaxis) procedures.

Comparison of Total Anaerobic Microbiota in Periodontitis Before and After the Subgingival Irrigation with Chlorhexidine at 0. 12 % / Comparación de la Microbiota Anaerobia Total en Periodontitis antes y Después de la Irrigación Subgingival con Clorhexidina al 0, 12 %

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the subgingival irrigation of chlorhexidine 0.12 % of the total anaerobic microbiota. Microbial sampling to 30 subjects with periodontitis stage II Grade B, in pockets with a periodontal probing depth > 4 mm. The subgingival irrigation was made with 5 mL of chlorhexidine in the test group and with 5 mL of distilled water in the control group. 24 hours after the procedure was obtained a second sample to compare. It was found that the subgingival irrigation with chlorhexidine at 0.12 % achieved a statistically significant decrease in anaerobic microbiota (p< 0.05).

RESUMEN: El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el efecto de la irrigación subgingival de la clorhexidina 0,12 % sobre la microbiota anaeróbica total. Se tomaron muestras microbiológicas a 30 sujetos con periodontitis estadio II grado B, en sacos periodontales con una profundidad de sondaje > 4 mm. Se realizó la irrigación subgingival con 5 mL. de clorhexidina en el grupo test y con 5 mL. de agua destilada en el grupo control. 24 horas después del procedimiento se obtuvo una segunda muestra a comparar. Se detectó que la irrigación subgingival con clorhexidina al 0,12 % logra disminuir en forma estadísticamente significativa la microbiota anaeróbica total (p< 0,05).

Desgaste del esmalte por diferentes tratamientos químicos y mecánicos / Wear of the enamel by different chemical and mechanical treatments / Desgaste do esmalte por diferentes tratamentos químicos e mecânicos

Introducción: La microabrasión se describe como un procedimiento realizado sobre el esmalte dental en el cual mediante la utilización de un agente ácido y un agente abrasivo se logra corregir alteraciones cromáticas superficiales. Algunos estudios demuestran como los parámetros de tiempo, número de aplicaciones y la presión ejercida, influyen en la can-tidad de esmalte eliminado. Objetivo: Establecer el espesor de esmalte dental eliminado según la capacidad abrasiva de 9 tratamientos químico mecánicos, mediante estereomicroscopia. Materiales y métodos: Con el aval del comité de ética de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, se recolectaron 90 terceros molares bajo consentimiento informado y se mantuvieron almacenados bajo los parámetros de la norma ISO 11405. Sobre bloques de acrílico se fijaron las mitades linguales de las coronas dentales, creando sobre ellas superficies planas mediante serie de lijas con irrigación y tomando impresiones con silicona de adición. Se distribuyeron de forma aleatoria en 9 grupos (n 10). Cada grupo recibió un tratamiento por un periodo de 30 segundos: G1: Opalustre® (Ultradent), G2: Piedra pómez y ácido fosfórico al 37% (Ultra-Etch®, Ultradent), G3: Piedra pómez, glicerina y ácido fosfórico al 37% (Ultra-Etch®, Ultradent), G4: Fresas de halo amarillo (Komet), G5: Fresas de halo blanco (Komet), G6: Discos Sof-Lex® (3M), color amarillo, G7: Discos Sof-Lex® (3M), color amarillo y amarillo claro, G8: Arenado, y G9: Puntas ultrasónicas Perfect Margin (Acteon). El espesor de desgaste creado fue medido utilizando un estéreo microscopio con un aumento de 10X. Los datos reco-lectados se analizaron a través de las pruebas de Kruskal-Wallis (p≤0.05) para comparar todos los grupos y la prueba U de Mann-Whitney (p≤0.05) para comparaciones individuales. Resultados: Independientemente del tratamiento realizado todos los grupos presentaron un desgaste del esmalte. El mayor desgaste se registró para el grupo tratado con fresa de halo amarillo (122,66 ± 22,64µm) y el menor desgaste para el grupo de arenado (11,5 ± 2,36µm). Se presentó diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre todos los grupos. Conclusiones: Bajo las limitaciones del presente estudio se puede concluir: La mayor microabrasión en esmalte se produjo con fresas de grano extrafino (halo amarillo) y el menor desgaste se produjo con arenado.

Introduction: Microabrasion is described as a procedure performed on tooth enamel in which the use of an acidic agent and an abrasive agent can correct surface chromatic alterations. Some studies show how the parameters of time, number of applications and the pressure exerted influence the amount of enamel removed.Objective: To establish the thickness of tooth enamel removed according to the abrasive capacity of 9 mechanical chemical treatments, using stereomicroscopy. Materials and methods: With the endorsement of the ethics committee of the School of Dentistry of the National University of Colombia, 90 third molars were collected under informed consent and kept stored under the parameters of ISO 11405. Acrylic blocks were fixed the lingual halves of the dental crowns, creating on them flat surfaces by means of series of sandpaper with irrigation and taking impressions with silicone of addition.They were distributed randomly in 9 groups (n 10). Each group was treated for a period of 30 seconds: G1: Opalustre® (Ultradent), G2: Pumice and 37% phosphoric acid (Ultra-Etch®, Ultradent), G3: Pumice, glycerin and phosphoric acid 37 % (Ultra-Etch®, Ultradent), G4: Yellow halo straw-berries (Komet), G5: White halo strawberries (Komet), G6: Sof-Lex® discs (3M), yellow color, G7: Sof-Lex discs ® (3M), yellow and light yellow, G8: Sandblasted, and G9: Perfect Margin ultrasonic tips (Acteon). The wear thickness created was measured using a stereo microscope with an increase of 10X. The collected data were analyzed through the Kruskal-Wallis tests (p≤0.05) to compare all groups and the Mann-Whitney U test (p≤0.05) for individual comparisons. Results: Regard-less of the treatment performed, all groups presented enamel wear. The highest wear was recorded for the group treated with yellow halo strawberry (122.66 ± 22.64µm) and the lowest wear for the sandblasting group (11.5 ± 2.36µm). There was a statistically significant difference between all groups. Conclusions: Under the limitations of the present study, it can be concluded: The greatest microabrasion in enamel was produced with strawberries of extra-fine grain (yellow halo) and the least wear occurred with sandblasting.

Introdução: A microabrasão do esmalte dental é descrita como um procedimento realizado no esmalte dentário, no qual o uso de um agente ácido e um abrasivo pode corrigir alterações cromáticas na superfície. Alguns estudos mos-tram como os parâmetros de tempo, número de aplicações e pressão exercida influenciam na quantidade do esmalte removido. Objetivo: Estabelecer a espessura do esmalte dentário removido de acordo com a capacidade abrasiva de 9 tratamentos químicos ou mecânicos, utilizando estereomicroscopia. Materiais e métodos: Com o aval do comitê de ética da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Nacional da Colômbia, 90 terceiros molares hígidos foram coletados sob consentimento informado e mantidos armazenados sob os parâmetros da norma ISO 11405. Em blocos de acrílico foram fixadas as metades linguais das coroas dentárias, criando sobre elas superfícies planas por meio de séries de lixa mais irrigação e toma de impressões com silicone de adição. Eles foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 9 grupos (n= 10). Cada grupo foi tratado por um período de 30 segundos: G1: Opalustre® (Ultradent), G2: Pedra-pomes e ácido fosfórico a 37% (Ultra-Etch®, Ultradent), G3: Pedra-pomes, glicerina e ácido fosfórico 37 % (Ultra-Etch®, Ultradent), G4: brocas diaman-tadas halo amarelo (Komet), G5: brocas diamantadas halo branco (Komet), G6: discos Sof-Lex® (3M), cor amarelo, G7: discos Sof-Lex ® (3M), amarelo e amarelo claro, G8: jateamento e G9: pontas ultra-sônicas Perfect Margin® (Acteon). A espessura de desgaste criada foi medida usando um microscópio estéreo com um aumento de 10X. Os dados coletados foram analisados pelos testes de Kruskal-Wallis (p≤0,05) para comparar todos os grupos e pelo teste U de Mann-Whit-ney (p≤0,05) para comparações individuais. Resultados: Independentemente do tratamento realizado, todos os grupos apresentaram desgaste do esmalte. O maior desgaste foi registrado para o grupo tratado com broca diamantada com halo amarelo (122,66 ± 22,64 µm) e o menor desgaste para o grupo de jateamento (11,5 ± 2,36 µm). Houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre todos os grupos. Conclusões: Sob as limitações do presente estudo, pode-se concluir que a maior microabrasão no esmalte foi produzida com brocas de grão extra-fino (halo amarelo) e o menor desgaste ocorreu com o jateamento.

The effect of a 3% hydroxyapatite paste prophylaxis after different root-scaling procedures in periodontics / Efeito da profilaxia com pasta de hidroxiapatita 3% após diferentes procedimentos de raspagem radicular na periodontia

Abstract Introduction Root-scaling procedures on the root surface show to increase root surface roughness during instrumentation. The use of a prophylactic paste reduces the roughness. Objetive This study evaluated the influence of prophylaxis paste on the surface roughness of root dentin after hand instruments (HI), ultrasonic scalers (US) and rotational instruments (RI) were applied to root surfaces. Material and method Fifty bovine roots were prepared and randomly divided into 10 groups (n=5) in which instrumentation with HI, US, or RI was carried out with or without prophylaxis using either conventional or 3% hydroxyapatite paste; additionally, a control group without treatment was included. The Ra and Rz roughness values were measured using a perfilometer. The morphological aspects of the root surfaces were analysed qualitatively by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analysed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Result The scaling method and the prophylaxis procedure significantly influenced (p < 0.05) root surface roughness. Treatment with US and prophylaxis with 3% hydroxyapatite paste resulted in lower values ​​of Ra (0.14 µm ± 0.02 µm) and Rz (0.89 µm ± 0.18 µm) compared to the other groups. SEM analysis showed smoother and more homogeneous surfaces in the groups with prophylaxis compared to the groups without prophylaxis. There were no substantial differences between the results of applying different pastes. Conclusion The prophylaxis procedure performed with the experimental paste containing 3% hydroxyapatite reduced the roughness of root surfaces treated with HI, US and RI at the same level as the conventional prophylactic paste.

Resumo Introdução Procedimentos de raspagem na superfície radicular aumentam a rugosidade superficial durante a instrumentação. O uso de pasta profilática pode reduzir a rugosidade. Objetivo Este estudo avaliou a influência da profilaxia com pasta na rugosidade superficial da dentina radicular após instrumentação manual (IH), ultrassom (US) e instrumentos rotatórios (IR) aplicados em superfícies radiculares. Material e método Cinquenta raízes bovinas foram preparadas e divididas aleatoriamente em 10 grupos (n = 5) nos quais a instrumentação com HI, US ou RI foi realizada com ou sem profilaxia usando pasta convencional ou hidroxiapatita a 3%; adicionalmente, um grupo controle sem tratamento foi incluído. As rugosidades de Ra e Rz foram medidas por um perfilômetro. Os aspectos morfológicos das superfícies radiculares foram analisados ​​qualitativamente por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os dados foram analisados ​​por meio de ANOVA de dois fatores, seguido pelo teste de Tukey (α = 0,05). Resultado O método de raspagem e o procedimento de profilaxia influenciaram significativamente (p <0,05) a rugosidade da superfície radicular. O tratamento com US e a profilaxia com pasta de hidroxiapatita ao 3% resultaram em menores valores de Ra (0,14 µm ± 0,02 µm) e Rz (0,89 µm ± 0,18 µm) em relação aos demais grupos. A análise por MEV mostrou superfícies mais lisas e mais homogêneas nos grupos com profilaxia em comparação aos grupos sem profilaxia. Não houve diferenças substanciais entre os resultados da aplicação das diferentes pastas. Conclusão O procedimento de profilaxia realizado com a pasta experimental contendo 3% de hidroxiapatita reduziu a rugosidade das superfícies radiculares tratadas com HI, US e RI no mesmo nível da pasta profilática convencional.

Inflammatory markers in the saliva of cerebral palsy individuals with gingivitis after periodontal treatment

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of periodontal treatment on the salivary cytokine levels and clinical parameters of individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) with gingivitis. A non-randomized, clinical trial was conducted in individuals diagnosed with spastic CP. Thirty-eight individuals were enrolled in the study and were categorized according to gingival index scores between 0-1 or 2-3, assigned to groups G2 or G1, respectively. Periodontal treatment comprised oral hygiene instructions, conventional mechanical treatment and 0.12% chlorhexidine applied as an adjunct. Clinical parameters and saliva samples were collected at baseline and at the 15-day follow-up visit. Bleeding on probing and periodontal screening and recording were determined. Non-stimulated saliva samples were obtained, and the salivary flow rate, the osmolality and the levels of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α and IL-12p70 were evaluated by a cytometric bead array. The Wilcoxon test, the Mann-Whitney test, Spearman correlation analysis, Poisson regression analysis and an adjusted analysis were performed (α = 0.05). The groups differed significantly in periodontal clinical parameters at baseline and at follow-up. Salivary flow rate and osmolality were similar in both groups at both timepoints. However, TNF-α and IL-1β levels were higher in G1 than in G2 at baseline. Mechanical treatment resulted in improved clinical parameters for both groups. Furthermore, mechanical treatment resulted in a significant reduction in salivary IL-1β and IL-8 levels for both groups after treatment. Periodontal treatment performed in individuals with CP and gingivitis reduces the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8.

Cleaning effectiveness of a nickel-titanium ultrasonic tip in ultrasonically activated irrigation: a SEM study

Abstract In endodontic treatment, regardless of the instrumentation technique, the presence of a smear layer covering contaminated dentin walls is always a concern. Thus, irrigation plays an essential role in reducing bacterial load. To enhance irrigation effectiveness, different ultrasonic activation methods and the use of different tips have been studied. This study assessed the cleaning capacity of the novel NiTi ultrasonic tip for smear layer removal using ultrasonically activated irrigation (UAI) with passive or continuous ultrasonic irrigation (PUI or CUI, respectively), compared with conventional irrigation. Forty-five single-rooted human mandibular premolars were decoronated to a standardized length of 16 mm. Instrumentation was performed using the Genius system up to size 50.04 and irrigated with 3% NaOCl. The specimens were divided into three groups (n = 15) according to the final irrigation activation technique: conventional irrigation (CI), as control group; PUI; and CUI, following the manufacturer's protocol. The samples were longitudinally cleaved and analyzed under a scanning electron microscope for smear layer removal according to a cleanliness score for the cervical, middle, and apical thirds. Data were evaluated by means of the Kruskal-Wallis and Tukey's tests, with a 5% level of significance. UAI enhanced cleaning compared to conventional irrigation, mainly at the apical third. CUI showed the best results, with statistically significant lower scores than PUI and CI (p < 0.05). Final irrigant activation with the NiTi tip showed better cleaning capacity than conventional irrigation. In addition, CUI resulted in better smear layer removal than PUI.

Development of dental hygiene gum for cats considering their anatomical features of dentition

The purpose of this study was to develop effective dental hygiene chews for cats based on the anatomical features of the dentition and patterns of chewing motion. All cats were volunteered for dental prophylaxis followed by dental impressions using yellow stone and alginate under general anesthesia. Twenty parameters related to dentition were defined in order to compare dental impressions using digital caliper. For the chewing motion study, patterns of chewing motion were identified based on recordings made with a digital camera. Ten cats (4 domestic shorthairs, 2 Russian blues, 1 American shorthair, 1 Persian, 1 Turkish Angora, and 1 Devon Rex) were recruited for the study. The parameters related to teeth and oral size were similar among the studied cats. Chewing motion can be described as more of a guillotine-like motion rather than a crushing motion, with cats chewing 3–7 times before swallowing. The chewing pattern of cats involves shearing for a short period of time followed by immediate swallowing. Therefore, the overall size of the dental hygiene chew could be determined based on the measurement of the oral size for inducing chewing. The surface details of the dental hygiene chew could be designed for prevention and removal of dental calculus and plaque in cats considering the anatomical teeth parameters. Dental hygiene chews customized for cats considering the different anatomical features of their teeth might be effective for oral care.

Nueva Clasificación sobre las Enfermedades y Condiciones Periodontalesy Peri-implantares: Una Breve Reseña / Nova Classificação da Condições e Doenças Periodontais e Peri-implantares: Uma Breve Revisão / New Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions: A Brief Review

En junio de 2018 se propuso una nueva clasificación de enfermedades y condiciones periodontales y peri-im-plantares, en una reunión realizada conjuntamente por la Academia Americana de Periodoncia y la Federación Europea de Periodoncia, con el objetivo de actualizar la clasificación de 1999 en uso durante los últimos 19 años. El objetivo del artículo es introducir esta nueva clasificación para que tanto clínicos e investigadores pue-dan aplicarla. La nueva clasificación incorporará nuevos conceptos a medida que se reporten nuevos resultados sobre estudios que sean realizados en el futuro.

A new classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions was proposed in June 2018, in a meeting jointly held by the American Academy of Periodontology and European Federation of Periodontology, with the aim to update the 1999 classification in use for 19 years. The article aimed at introducing the most re-cent periodontal and peri-implant classification to clinicians and scientific investigators. The new classification has an in-built plan for periodic revisions while upcoming studies are carried out.

Uma nova classificação das condições e doenças periodontais e peri-implantares foi proposta em junho de 2018, em um encontro que reuniu a Academia Americana de Periodontia e a Federação Europeia de Periodontia, que teve como objetivo atualizar a classificação de 1999, amplamente utilizada nos últimos 19 anos. Este artigo tem como objetivo introduzir a mais nova classificação periodontal e peri-implantar aos clínicos e pesquisadores. A nova classificação possui um planejamento para revisões periódicas a medida que novos estudos são realizados.

Mass change of a sodium bicarbonate air-polished nanocomposite exposed to cigarette smoke, coffee, and red wine / Perda de massa de nanocompósito jateado com bicarbonato de sódio e exposto à fumaça de cigarro, café e vinho tinto

Introdução: As resinas compostas estão sujeitas à desafios na cavidade oral relacionados aos hábitos dos pacientes, que podem comprometer a integridade e longevidade das restaurações. As consequências da associação do consumo de bebidas e o uso de cigarros à profilaxia profissional precisam ser estudadas. Objetivo: O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar como o jateamento com bicarbonato de sódio afeta a mudança de massa (sorção e solubilidade) de uma resina composta exposta à fumaça de cigarro, vinho tinto e café. Material e método: Oitenta corpos-de-prova de resina composta (FiltekZ350 XT - 3M/ESPE) foram preparados e distribuídos em 8 grupos (n=10): G1 (jateamento + água destilada), G2 (jateamento + café), G3 (jateamento + vinho tinto), G4 (jateamento + fumaça de cigarro), G5 (água destilada), G6 (café), G7 (vinho tinto) e G8 (fumaça de cigarro). Os corpos-de-prova de resina composta foram pesados em três tempos diferentes para obter M1 (massa inicial), M2 (massa após 30 dias de armazenamento nas soluções testadas e exposição ao agente) e M3 (após dessecação). Os valores de sorção e solubilidade foram calculados e analisados usando ANOVA 2-fatores e teste Tukey (5%). Resultado: Os grupos experimentais tiveram maior sorção e solubilidade comparado ao grupo controle, independentemente do uso do jateamento. Não houve diferença estatística na sorção para o fator jateamento. Porém, a solubilidade foi maior nos grupos jateados. Conclusão: O jateamento com bicarbonato de sódio foi capaz de intensificar a solubilidade da resina testada, embora não tenha aumentado significativamente os valores de sorção.

Introduction: Composite resins are subject to challenges in the oral cavity that are related to patients' habits, which can compromise the restorations' integrity and longevity. Therefore, it is necessary to study how consuming beverages and smoking cigarettes affects professional prophylaxis. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate how the sodium bicarbonate air-polishing affects the mass change (sorption and solubility) of a composite resin exposed to cigarette smoke, red wine, or coffee solution. Material and method: Eighty composite resin samples (FiltekZ350 XT - 3M/ESPE) were prepared and distributed into 8 groups (n=10): G1 (air-polishing + distilled water), G2 (air-polishing + coffee), G3 (air-polishing + red wine), G4 (air-polishing + cigarette smoke), G5 (distilled water), G6 (coffee), G7 (red wine), or G8 (cigarette smoke). The composite resin samples were weighed in triplicate to obtain M1 (initial mass), M2 (mass after 30 days of storage in the tested solutions), and M3 (after desiccation) values. The sorption and solubility values were calculated and analyzed using 2-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (5%). Result: The experimental groups had higher sorption and solubility values than the control groups, regardless of whether air-polishing was used. There was no statistically significant difference in the sorption between the air-polished and non-air-polished groups; however, the solubility was higher in the air-polished groups. Conclusion: Air-polishing using sodium bicarbonate powder was able to intensify the solubility process of the tested resins but did not significantly increase the sorption values.

Profilaxia antibiótica para instalação de implantes dentários: avaliação do conhecimento dos implantodontistas de um estado do nordeste brasileiro / Knowledge regarding antibotic prophylaxis for dental implants: a survey with professionals from a Brazilian state

Objetivo: avaliar o conhecimento de implantodontistas sobre profilaxia antibiótica para a prevenção de infecções após a cirurgia para instalação de implantes dentários e sua relação com o surgimento de resistência microbiana. Material e métodos: neste estudo transversal, 33 profissionais devidamente registrados no Conselho Regional de Odontologia e atuantes no Estado, os quais responderam a um questionário. Resultados: a maioria dos entrevistados prescreveu antibacterianos em todos os casos, independentemente do estado geral de saúde do paciente, sendo que alguns profissionais ainda insistem em prorrogar a administração no período pós-operatório. Quando questionados sobre essa conduta, afirmaram que prescrevem de forma racional e baseada em evidências. Conclusão: é indispensável a constante atualização dos implantodontistas, prevenindo uma seleção de bactérias resistentes e exposição dos pacientes a efeitos adversos.

Objectives: to evaluate the knowledge regarding antibiotic use to prevent dental infections after implant placement and its relationship with microbial resistance. Material and methods: in the cross-sectional study, 33 practitioners registered in the Regional Council received a survey with questions on this subject. Results: most professionals indicated antibiotics in all cases, regardless of the patient general health condition, being that the medicamentous threrapy was extended after the postoperative period. Interestingly, some stated that this is made on rational basis and evidence-supported manner. Conclusion: it is fundamental to update professionals regarding the use of these drugs since patients can have bacterial resistance and adverse effects.

Dental Hygienist-Led Dental Hygiene Process of Care for Self-Support Program Participants in Gangneung / 치위생과학회지

This study aimed to provide basic data for establishing the clinical basis for dental hygienist-led dental hygiene process of care by identifying multiple risk factors for self-support program participants in Gangneung city; we also compared oral health status and behavioral changes through customized oral health care. Four dental hygienists who were evaluated for degree of conformity provided dental hygiene process of care to eight self-support program participants who were selected as having an oral health risk among people in the self-support center. The clinical indicators measured during dental hygiene assessment and evaluation and behavioral changes due to dental hygiene intervention were compared and analyzed. With respect to clinical indicators, at the time of probe, the retention rate of patients with gingival bleeding decreased from 61.4% to 14.7% after intervention (p=0.004). Furthermore, the retention rate of patients with a periodontal pocket >4 mm decreased from 15.6% to 5.8% (p=0.001). The average modified O'Leary index of the patients improved from 23 to 40 (p=0.002). Previously, all eight subjects used the vertical or horizontal method of brushing; after dental hygiene care interventions regarding method and frequency of toothbrushing, use of oral care products, and individual interventions, they started using the rolling or Bass method of toothbrushing. Four of eight subjects reported using interdental toothbrushes after intervention. As a result of applying the change model to the transtheoretical behavior change of the subject, the result of strengthening the health behavior was confirmed. For promotion of oral health by the prevention-centered incremental oral health care system, dental hygienist-led dental hygiene management and maintenance is essential. It is thought that continuous research, such as for feasibility evaluation, cost benefit analysis, and preparation of legal systems, is needed to establish and activate dental hygiene management.

Comparative analysis of different prophylactic methods for roughness of primary tooth enamel / Análise comparativa de diferentes métodos profiláticos sobre a rugosidade do esmalte em dentes decíduos

Objective: The purpose of this study was to comparatively evaluate quantitative effects of three different prophylactic methods of surface polishing treatments for primary teeth compared to a standardized control group. Material and Methods: 48 naturally exfoliated primary teeth were selected and randomly assigned into four groups: Control Group ­ teeth receiving only enamel standardization treatment with polishing disc to reduce natural enamel; Group I ­ teeth receiving superficial enamel standardization treatment followed by polishing with a mixture of water and pumice; Group II ­ teeth receiving enamel standardization treatment followed by prophylaxis with paste (Herjos-F, Vigodent S/A Indústria e Comércio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil); and Group III ­ teeth receiving enamel standardization treatment followed by sodium bicarbonate spray (Profi II Ceramic, Dabi Atlante Indústrias Médico-Odontológicas Ltda, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil). All the procedures were performed by the same operator and the samples were rinsed and stored in distilled water. Comparative assessment of the enamel surface roughness between experimental groups and control group was performed by using a surface profilometer (Mitutoyo SJ400). Results: The results of this study were statistically analysed by using Minitab statistical software (version 17.1.0, 2013). The use of pumice and water led to significantly rougher surfaces than in other groups (i.e. Group I: 1.22 Ra; Group II 0.38 Ra; Group III: 1.01 Ra). Conclusion: Based on this study, one can conclude that use of pumice and water resulted in increased enamel surface roughness in comparison to the surface treatment with bicarbonate spray and prophylaxis paste. (AU)

Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar e comparar a rugosidade do esmalte dentário após de três diferentes tratamentos profiláticos para polimento de superfície de esmalte em dentes decíduos, em relação a um grupo controle. Material e Métodos: 48 dentes decíduos naturalmente esfoliados foram selecionados e alocados aleatoriamente em quatro grupos. Grupo Controle: recebeu apenas padronização do esmalte através do disco de polimento para redução de dentes naturais. O grupo I recebeu padronização superficial do esmalte seguido de polimento por mistura de água e pedra-pomes; o grupo II recebeu padronização do esmalte seguido da pasta de profilaxia Herjos-F (Vigodent S / A Indústria e Comércio, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil); e o grupo III recebeu padronização da superfície do esmalte seguido de spray de bicarbonato de sódio Profi II Ceramic (Dabi Atlante Indústrias Médico Odontológicas Ltda., Ribeirão Preto, Brasil). Todos os tratamentos de superfície foram realizados pelo mesmo operador, por dez segundos e as amostras foram lavadas e armazenadas em água destilada. A avaliação comparativa da rugosidade superficial do esmalte entre os grupos experimentais e controle foi realizada utilizando-se um perfilômetro de superfície Mitutoyo SJ400. Resultados: Os resultados deste estudo foram analisados estatisticamente com o software estatístico Minitab (versão 17.1.0, 2013). A pedra-pomes e a água geraram significativamente maior aspereza na superfície de esmalte, em comparação aos outros grupos, quando empregado o teste estatístico de Tukey (Grupo I: 1,22 Ra; Grupo II: 0,38 Ra; Grupo III: 1,01 Ra). Conclusão: Com base neste estudo, pode-se concluir que a pedra-pomes e a água resultaram em aumento da rugosidade superficial do esmalte em comparação ao tratamento superficial com spray de bicarbonato e pasta profilática.(AU)

Efectividad a 3 y 6 meses de una intervención integral para caries dental en escolares de Paraíso de Osorio, La Paz; La Laguna, Chalatenango; Juayúa, Sonsonate; Mizata y San Pablo Tacachico, La Libertad / Effectiveness at 3 and 6 months of a comprehensive intervention for dental caries in schoolchildren from Paraíso de Osorio, La Paz; La Laguna, Chalatenango; Juayúa, Sonsonate; Mizata and San Pablo Tacachico, La Libertad

OBJETIVO: Determinar la efectividad a 3 y 6 meses de una intervención integral para la prevención y tratamiento de caries en dientes permanentes, en escolares de 9 a 11 años atendidos por cinco Unidades Comunitarias de Salud Familiar en el año 2017. METODOLOGÍA: Esta investigación fue de tipo intervención cuasi experimental, dirigida a la prevención y limitación del daño por caries en dientes permanentes de 150 escolares de centros educativos públicos cubiertos por 5 UCSF. Fueron atendidas en total 1741 superficies, en las que se aplicaron 1398 sellantes, 253 obturaciones y 90 remineralizaciones con flúor. Posterior a 3 y 6 meses, se midió con los índices correspondientes la efectividad a través de la reducción de placa bacteriana, la ausencia de caries y la supervivencia de los tratamientos. Se utilizaron las pruebas de Anova, F de Fisher y Kaplan Meier para el análisis de los datos. RESULTADOS: En la evaluación inicial se encontró el 46% de la población con higiene oral óptima y un promedio de 3 dientes cariados (2.91) por paciente. A los 6 meses de realizada la intervención, el 83.21% presentó higiene oral óptima, se determinó 1 diente cariado por sujeto (1.07), el 41.20% de supervivencia de sellantes de fosas y fisuras (SFF) y el 82.60% de supervivencia de obturaciones. CONCLUSIÓN: La intervención a 3 y 6 meses mostró ser efectiva para prevenir y limitar el daño por caries dental en dientes permanentes en escolares entre 9 y 11 años de edad

OBJECTIVE: To determine effectiveness after 3 and 6 months of being applied an integral intervention for prevention and treatment of dental caries in permanent teeth, in school children from 9 to 11 years; being attended in five Family Health Community Centers (UCSF Unidades Comunitarias de Salud Familiar for its acronym in Spanish) at 2017. METHODOLOGY: This research was a quasi-experimental intervention, directed to the prevention and limitation of damage by dental caries in permanent teeth of 150 school children, from public schools, being attended in five Family Health Community Centers (UCSF). In total, 1741 surfaces were intervened in which 1398 pits and fissures sealant, 253 fillings and 90 remineralizations with fluor, were applied. After 3 and 6 months, the evaluation of the effectiveness through reduction of dentobacterial plaque, the absence of dental cavities and the survival of treatments, was assessed with the corresponding indices. The statistical tests used for the analysis of data were Anova, F de Fisher and Kaplan Meier. RESULTS: In the initial evaluation it was found 46% of population with optimal oral hygiene and an average of 3 decayed teeth (2.91) per patient. Six months after the intervention, 83.21% presented optimal oral hygiene, 1 (1.07) decayed tooth was determined per subject, 41.20% permanence of pits and fissures sealants and 82.60% permanence of dental fillings. CONCLUSION: Intervention showed effectiveness in prevention and limitation of damage by dental cavities in permanent teeth after 3 and 6 months of being executed in school children between 9 and 11 years old.

Remoção de irregularidades superficiais do esmalte dental após a remoção de braquetes ortodônticos: efeito de polimentos superficiais e tempos de análise / Removal of enamel surface irregularities after orthodontic bracket debonding: effect of surface polishing and analysis time

O objetivo deste ensaio clínico foi avaliar o comportamento de dois sistemas de polimento na regularização da superfície do esmalte dental, que apresentava-se rugosa e irregular após a remoção de braquetes ortodônticos. As variáveis de resposta foram: rugosidade superficial, luminosidade, morfologia, textura e sensibilidade. Fizeram parte dessa pesquisa clínica 30 voluntários. Os fatores em estudo foram: as técnicas de polimento superficial em dois níveis: Técnica 1 (discos de óxido de alumínio) e Técnica 2 (produto ácido-abrasivo), e o tempo de análise em 5 níveis: T0 (baseline), T1 (imediatamente após os polimentos superficiais), T2 (após polimento final), T3 (7 dias após os procedimentos) e T4 (6 meses após os procedimentos). Os dados representados por escores foram analisados considerando distribuição multinomial; os dados numéricos foram analisados como medidas repetidas no tempo, a um nível de significância de 5%. Nas análises de rugosidade superficial e luminosidade, não houve diferença estatística entre as técnicas em todos os tempos analisados. Nas análises por score, dentro de cada tempo, verificou-se igualdade significativa apenas no baseline; nos demais tempos foram observadas irregularidades superficiais estatisticamente superiores para a Técnica 1. Nenhum paciente apresentou sensibilidade dental. Ambas as técnicas foram eficientes; porém a maior lisura foi adquirida quando a Técnica 2 foi utilizada(AU)

This clinical study evaluated the behavior of two surface polishing systems in the regularization of the enamel surface, which was rough and irregular after orthodontic brackets debonding. The response variables were: surface roughness, lightness, morphology, texture and sensitivity. Thirty volunteers were part of this clinical research. The factors under study were: Surface polishing at two levels: Technique 1 (aluminum oxide disks) and Technique 2 (enamel microabrasive product); and the Time of analysis at 5 levels: T0 (after surface polishing), T1 (immediately after surface polishing), T2 (after final polishing), T3 (7 days after surface polishing) and T4 (6 months after surface polishing). The data represented by scores were analyzed considering multinomial distribution; the numerical ones were analyzed as measures repeated in time, at a significance level of 5%. In the analysis of surface roughness and lightness, there was no statistical difference between the polishing techniques at all times analyzed. In the other analyzes, within each time, significant equality was observed only in the baseline, while in the other times superficial irregularities were statistically superior for Technique 1. No patient presented dental sensitivity. Both techniques were efficient; however, the higher surface smoothness was observed on the dental enamel surface polished with the Technique 2(AU)

Comparative effects of aqueous single-phase and oil-water two-phase mouthrinses containing bamboo salt, magnolia bark and Centella asiatica extracts on reducing gingivitis: a randomized clinical trial / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the antiplaque and antigingivitis effectiveness of aqueous single-phase and oil-water two-phase mouthrinses, containing bamboo salt, magnolia bark, and Centella asiatica extracts, in Korean adults. METHODS: In this double-blinded clinical trial, a total of thirty-four participants aged over 19 years were randomly allocated to three experimental groups: 1) control group; 2) aqueous single-phase mouthrinse (ASM) group, and; 3) oil-water two-phase mouthrinse (OTM) group. The experimental mouthrinses all contained sodium fluoride, and the ASM and OTM contained additional ingredients of bamboo salt, magnolia bark, and Centella asiatica extracts. For the OTM, 50% essential oil was added to create an oil-water two-phase mouthrinse. A two-week randomized crossover design with a two-week washout period was applied. Following a complete dental prophylaxis, participants were instructed to use the prescribed mouthrinse twice daily for two weeks as an adjunct to their usual mechanical oral hygiene procedures. Pre- and post-experiment clinical examinations were performed to measure the plaque index (PI) and bleeding on probing (BOP) for the full mouth. Paired t-test was applied to compare the intergroup differences for all clinical variables. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, ASM showed a significantly reduced BOP (P<0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference in the effects of the three mouthrinses on reducing the PI. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that the use of an aqueous, single-phase mouthrinse containing bamboo salt, magnolia bark and Centella asiatica extracts could help alleviate gingivitis.